Friday, September 11, 2009

German: Eating

Vocabulary

almot everything: fast alles
baker: der Bäcker
beef: das Rindfleisch
beer: das Bier
beverage: getränke
beverage shop: Getränkemarkt (Getränkemärkte)
bottle: die Flasche - die Flaschen
bread: das Brot
bread roll: das Brötchen (Brötchen)
butchershop: die Fleischerei (n. germany)/die Metzgerei (s. germany)
but: aber
can: die Dose - die Dosen
cheese: der Käse
coffee: der Kaffee (Kaffees)
container: der Behälter (Behälter)
cornermarket: der Tante-Emma-Laden
cucumber: die Gurke - die Gurken
cup: die Tasse (Tassen)
cutlery: das Besteck
fish: der Fisch - die Fische
fork: die Gabel (Gabeln)
fowl: das Geflügel
fruit: das Obst
gas station: die Tankstelle
glass: das Glas
groceries: die Lebensmittel
ham: der Schinken
kitchen: die Küche
knife: das Messer (Messer)
meat: das Fleisch
milk: die Milch
mug: der Becher
napkin: die Serviette - die Serviettes
other: anderer
pitcher: der Krug (Krüge)
plate: der Teller (Teller)
pop: die Limonade
pork: das Schweinefleisch
pot: der Topf (Töpfe)
potato: die Kartoffel (Kartoffeln)
saucer: die Untertasse (Untertassen)
sausage: die Wurst (Würste)
spoon: der Löffel (Löffel)
tablespooon: der Esslöffel (Esslöffel)
tea: der Tee
teaspoon: der Teelöffel (Teelöffel)
veal: das Kalbfleisch
wine: der Wein (Weine)
vegetables: das Gemüse

A X of...Y

To say you have a cup/mug/etc of something you say ein(e) X Y so a bottle of beer is eine Flasche Bier
Posted by Anonymous at 1:37 PM | 0 comments  
Thursday, September 10, 2009

German: Dates

Vocabulary

april: der April
august: der August
autumn: der Herbst
autumnal: herbstlich
(day) after next: übernächsten
deadline: der Termin (Termine)
december: der Dezember
every: jeden (declined)
every other day: jeden zweite (Tag)
february: der februar
friday: der Freitag
january: der Januar
july: der Juli (Julei)
june: der Juni
last: letzten
march: der März
may: der Mai
monday: der Montag
month: der Monat (Monate)
november: der November
october: der Oktober
season: die Jahreszeit (Jahreszeiten)
september: der September
spring: der Frühling, das Frühjahr
spring-like: frühlingshaft
saturday: der Samstag, der Sonnabend
summer: der Sommer
summery: sommerlich
sunday: der Sonntag
this: kommenden (declined)
thursday: der Donnerstag
tuesday: der Dienstag
Wednesday: der Mittwoch
week: die Woche (Wochen)
winter: der Winter
wintery: winterlich

Saturday

The word for Saturday in German is regional. In eastern Germany and north of Münster (Hamburg, Rostock, Leipzig, and Berlin) they use Sonnabend and elsewhere (Vienna, Cologne, Frankfurt, or Munich) Samstag is used.

On

To say you're going to do something on someday, you say am + day. Am is a contraction of an + dem (dative masculine).

To pluralize, just add an s to the end of the day. You don't need the an with plural days.


Dative Case

The dative case is used in combination with certain prepositions and as the indirect object of a verb. An+dem-->am (on the), in+dem-->im (in the)

Effect of the Accusative and Dative on Articles


N/A/D
der/den/dem
die/die/der
das/das/dem

Seasons

To say in the (season) you say im (Jahreszeit). When talking about a season in general the article is used, for example Spring is my favourite season is Der Frühling ist meine Lieblingsjahreszeit.

To say in a month you say im (Monat), to say on a certain date you say, am ordinal+en monat.

In June
Im Juni

On March 28th
Am achtundzwanzigsten März (but usually write am 28. März)
Posted by Anonymous at 11:15 AM | 0 comments  
Wednesday, September 9, 2009

German: Accusative Case and Imperatives

Vocabulary

apple: der Apfel (Äpfel)
everything: alles
pencil: der Bleistift
there is/are: es gibt
to help: helfen (e-->i)
to give: geben (e-->i)
to meet: treffen (e-->i)
to take: nehmen (e-->i)

Strong Verbs

There are roughly 200 German strong verbs, and their du and er/sie/es forms are irregular compared to the other verb forms. Some also change in the ich form, but not as often. Because nehmen has the lengthening h, its irregular forms changes to i like other strong verbs, but also the h is deleted and the m is doubled so she takes is sie nimmt not sie nihmt.

Accusative Case

This case is used for direct objects (as well as special uses). Unlike in other languages, the adjectives/articles represent cases, not the nouns. Es gibt always takes the accusative.

Accusative Case of Articles

Only masculine changes.

der-->den/einen
die-->die/eine
das-->das/ein
die-->die/keine

Imperatives/Commands

The du form of commands is usually just the present tense minus the -st so take the woman! is Nimm die Frau! (still using accusative case). If you are using the sie form (you all do...) then you write Sie after the verb, so you all take the women! is infinitive+Sie= Nehmen Sie die Frau! The ihr form is the conjugated verb in that form so the command would be Nehmt die Frau!

Example Sentences

Today there are no suitcases.
Heute gibt es keine Koffer.

We aren't giving any money.
Wir geben kein Geld.

Are you taking the tree?
Nimmst du den Baum?
Posted by Anonymous at 11:35 AM | 0 comments  
Thursday, September 3, 2009

German: Directions

Vocabulary

along/down: entlang
at (number) o'clock: um... uhr
back: zürch
bakery: der Bäkerei
bank: die Bank (Banken)
butcher: der Fleischer/Metzger
church: die Kirche (Kirchen)
day after tomorrow: übermorgen
day before yesterday: vorgestern
direction: die Richtung (Richtungen)
drive: fahren
east/to the east/east of: der Ost(en)/nach Osten/östlich von
elsewhere: anderswo
flea market: der Flohmarkt (Flohmärkte)
from...to...: von...bis
hotel: das Hotel (Hotels)
in the direction of/towards: in Richtung auf
lake: der See (Seen)
left/to the left: links/nach links
market: der Markt (Märkte)
north/to the north/north of: der Nord(en)/nach Norden/nördlich von
now: jetzt
post office: die Post
restaurant: das Restaurant (Restaurants)
right/to the right: rechts/nach rechts
school: die Schule (Schulen)
south/to the south/south of: der Süd(en)/nach Süden/südlich von
straight ahead: geradeaus
street: die Straße (Straßen)
supermarkett: der Supermarkt (Supermärkte)
this afternoon: Heute Nachmittag
this morning: Heute Morgen
tomorrow: morgen
traffic light: die Ampel (Ampel)
up to/until: bis zum/zur (m,n/f)
when: wann
where: wo/wohin
work: die Arbeit
yesterday: gestern

Where

Wo and wohin both mean where but they cannot be used interchangeably. Wo is used for asking where the location of things is and wohin is used for direction and motion.

Example:

Where is the table?
Wo ist der tisch?

Where is the girl going?
Wohin geht das Mädchen?

Wohin can also be seperated so the second example can also be written "Wo geht das Mädchen hin?"

Directions

Just like in English you can combine directions to get southwest, northeast, etc. So Southeast is der Südosten

To

There are several different ways to say to as in going somewhere, but there are some rules. Most places use nach, feminine, masculine, or plural places use in. If talking about somewhere in town, use in or zu. In means going inside of a place while zum is more for meeting at the location. Zu+der/das-->zum, zu+die-->zur, in+das-->ins

Word Placement

In German when saying where you're going you say the time before the place, so it's Wir gehen morgen ins Kino.

Restaurants

To say you're going to a chinese/italian/british/etc restaurant you just das masc. pl. form of the adjective.

Examples:
An American restaurant: ein Amerikaner
the Russian restaurant: das Russen

To Go

Fahren is used when going by car, gehen is used for shorter distances and for going by foot.

I go to Warsaw.
Ich fahre nach Warschau.

I go to the movies.
Ich gehe ins Kino.
Posted by Anonymous at 11:23 AM | 0 comments  
Thursday, August 27, 2009

German: Family

Vocabulary

brother: der Bruder (Brüder)
daughter: die Tochter (Töchter)
father: der Vater (Väter)
grandchild: der Enkel (Enkel)
granddaughter: die Enkelin (Enkel)
grandfather: der Großvater (Großväter)
grandma: die opa
grandmother: die Großmutter (Großmütter)
grandpa: der Opa
grandson: der Enkelsohn (Enkelsöhne)
mother: die Mutter (Mütter)
siblings: die Geschwister
sister: die Schwester
son: der Sohn (Söhne)
uncle: der Onkel (Onkel)

Possesive Pronouns

When using possesives add an e if it's a feminine thing

Possesives:

my - mein(e)
your - dein(e), ihr(e)
his - sein(e)
her - ihr(e)
our - unser(e)
their - ihr(e)
Posted by Anonymous at 1:44 PM | 0 comments  
Friday, August 21, 2009

German: Numbers

Numbers:

0: null
1: einss
2: zwei/zwo
3: drei
4: vier
5: fünf
6: sechs
7: sieben
8: acht
9: neun
10: zehn
11: elf
12: zwölf
13: dreizehn
14: vierzehn
15: fünfzehn
16: sechzehn
17: siebzehn
18: achtzehn
19: neunzehn
20: zwanzig

For numbers over twenty it is very formulaic: numberandtens. So insteady of saying twenty-four in German they say fourandtwenty --> fierundzwanzig.

Numbers over Twenty:

30: dreißig
40: vierzig
50: fünfzig
60: sechzig
70: siebzig
80: achtzig
90: neunzig
100: (ein)hundert
1000: (ein)tausend

Ordinals

first: erste
second: zweite
third: dritte
fourth: vierte
fifth: fünfte
sixth: sechste
seventh: siebte
eighth: achte
ninth: neunte
-function as adjectives so "my first car" would be meines erstes Auto"

How much? Wie viel?
How much is seven and nine?
Wie viel sieben und neun?

How many? Wie viele?
How many friends does he have?
Wie viele freunde hat er?
Posted by Anonymous at 11:38 AM | 0 comments  

German: Nationalities (Part 2)

Sprechen - to speak

ich spreche
du sprichst
er spricht
wir sprechen
ihr sprecht
sie sprechen

This is an e-->i strong verb. Unlike the weak verb (regular) conjugation we saw earlier, the 200 strong verbs have changes in their stem while conjugating. There is no way to know, it must be learned.

When a German sentence starts with a preposition, the subject and verb change places. In English we use "you", "they" or less commonly "one" to mean a general carried out action "we speak spanish here". In German they use the word man.

In the USA they speak English.
In die USA spricht man Englisch.
Posted by Anonymous at 11:13 AM | 0 comments  
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