Tuesday, March 9, 2010
Hungarian: Have, Double Negatives, and Plural Possesives
Have
There is no verb for have in Hungarian rather you use a rather formulaic expression of subject-dative + object-possessive + van/vannak (vannak is plural object ONLY. (never use a with the possessed object like in normal possessives)
The doctor has a big family.
Az Orvosnak nagy családja van.
They have an American car.
Nekik amerikai koscijuk van.
When you negate this sentiment change van/vannak for nincs-nincsen/nincsenek but the word order changes to subject-dative + nincs-nincsen/nincsenek + object-possesive
I don't have a girlfriend.
Nekem nincs barátnőm.
When asking this in a question the word order changes again and the verb comes first followed by the subject then object. It should be noted when using dative pronouns or when the person is clear it can be dropped.
Do you have a momm? I just have a dad.
Van anyád? Csak apám van.
Double Negatives
When using sehol (nowhere), senki (nobody), or semmi (nothing) you need to use a second negative word with it either nem or sem (sem can only be used as the second negative).
I'm not writing to anyone.
Nem írok senkinek. / Senkinek sem (or nem) írok.
The second negative may also be nins(en)/sincs(en) when appropriate.
Nothing is here.
Semmi nincs itt.
She's nowhere!
Sehol sincs ő.
Sem/Sincs are also used in neither/nor phrases.
I don't like water or lemonade.
Nem szeretek sem vízt, sem limonádét.
Neither do you.
Neked sincs.
Plural Possesives
my - im
your - id
his/her/its - i
our - ink
your - itok/itek
their - ik
If adding to a or e lengthen to á and é, for other vowels just add the endings. For consoannts you need a buffer (j)a/(j)e (j-use almost always the same as the singular possesive).
Noun Stems
There are three classes of nouns that add possesives, plurals, and accusative differently. You must learn this individually.
Low-Vowel Nouns
-linking vowel is a/e
-always require linking vowel in accusative
-never use j-possesives
-may show vowel loss in last syllable
(ház - house)
nominative: ház / házak
accusative: házat / házakat
my: házam / házaim
his: háza / házai
our: házunk / házaink
Fleeting Vowel Nouns
-omit last vowel of the noun
-linking vowel always required for accusative
-never use the j-possesive
(álom - dream)
nominative: álom / álmok
accusative: álmot / álmokat
my: álmom / álmaim
his: álma / álmai
our: álmunk / álmaink
-Alom and -Elem Nouns
-linking vowel always a/e
-last vowel omitted
(szerelem - love)
nominative: szerelem / szerelmek
accusative: szerelmet / szerelmeket
my: szerelmem / szerelmeim
his: szerelme / szerelmei
our: szerelmünk / szerelmeink
There is no verb for have in Hungarian rather you use a rather formulaic expression of subject-dative + object-possessive + van/vannak (vannak is plural object ONLY. (never use a with the possessed object like in normal possessives)
The doctor has a big family.
Az Orvosnak nagy családja van.
They have an American car.
Nekik amerikai koscijuk van.
When you negate this sentiment change van/vannak for nincs-nincsen/nincsenek but the word order changes to subject-dative + nincs-nincsen/nincsenek + object-possesive
I don't have a girlfriend.
Nekem nincs barátnőm.
When asking this in a question the word order changes again and the verb comes first followed by the subject then object. It should be noted when using dative pronouns or when the person is clear it can be dropped.
Do you have a momm? I just have a dad.
Van anyád? Csak apám van.
Double Negatives
When using sehol (nowhere), senki (nobody), or semmi (nothing) you need to use a second negative word with it either nem or sem (sem can only be used as the second negative).
I'm not writing to anyone.
Nem írok senkinek. / Senkinek sem (or nem) írok.
The second negative may also be nins(en)/sincs(en) when appropriate.
Nothing is here.
Semmi nincs itt.
She's nowhere!
Sehol sincs ő.
Sem/Sincs are also used in neither/nor phrases.
I don't like water or lemonade.
Nem szeretek sem vízt, sem limonádét.
Neither do you.
Neked sincs.
Plural Possesives
my - im
your - id
his/her/its - i
our - ink
your - itok/itek
their - ik
If adding to a or e lengthen to á and é, for other vowels just add the endings. For consoannts you need a buffer (j)a/(j)e (j-use almost always the same as the singular possesive).
Noun Stems
There are three classes of nouns that add possesives, plurals, and accusative differently. You must learn this individually.
Low-Vowel Nouns
-linking vowel is a/e
-always require linking vowel in accusative
-never use j-possesives
-may show vowel loss in last syllable
(ház - house)
nominative: ház / házak
accusative: házat / házakat
my: házam / házaim
his: háza / házai
our: házunk / házaink
Fleeting Vowel Nouns
-omit last vowel of the noun
-linking vowel always required for accusative
-never use the j-possesive
(álom - dream)
nominative: álom / álmok
accusative: álmot / álmokat
my: álmom / álmaim
his: álma / álmai
our: álmunk / álmaink
-Alom and -Elem Nouns
-linking vowel always a/e
-last vowel omitted
(szerelem - love)
nominative: szerelem / szerelmek
accusative: szerelmet / szerelmeket
my: szerelmem / szerelmeim
his: szerelme / szerelmei
our: szerelmünk / szerelmeink
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