Languages Around the World

Possesives

El meu / La meva / Els meus / Les meves - My
El teu / La teva / Els teus / Les teves - Your
El seu / La seva / Els seus / Les seves - Her / His
El nostre / La nostra / Els nostres / Les nostres - Our
El vostre / La vostra / Els vostres / Les vostres - Your (pl)
El seu / La seva / Els seus / Les seves - Their

Present Continuous

subject + estar conjugated + verb in gerund

-to make the gerund replace the -ar/ir/er with nt (cantar-->cantant/fer-->fent/dormir-->dormint)
-ure-->vent/vint (escriure-->escrivint)
-ndre-->nent (aprendre-->aprenent)
-re-->ent (concebre-->concebent)

Past

subject + anar conjugated + infinitive

Anar

vaig
vas
va
anem
aneu
van

-can't be used for things done that day

Present Participle

subject + haver conjugated + participle

Haver

he
has
ha
hem
heu
han

-to make the participle replace r with t, -er verbs are irregular.

verbs may end in ar, er or re, or ir.

Cantar: to sing

canto
cantes
canta
cantem
canteu
canten

Menjar: to eat

menjo
menges
menja
mengem
mengeu
mengen

-pro-drop language

Ser Conjugation

jo sóc
tu ets
ell/ella és
nosaltres som
vosaltres sou
ells/elles són

Estar Conjugation

jo estic
tu estàs
ell/ella està
nosaltres estem
vosaltres esteu
ells/elles estan

-similar to spanish except ser is used for location, and estar cannot be used with things/objects

Definite Articles

el/l'/els
la/l'/les

Indefinite Articles

un/uns
una/unes

Pluralization

a/es (noia/noies)
e/es (cantaire/cantaires)
stressed vowel/vowel+ns (coixí/coixins)
ca/ques (vaca/vaques)
ga/gues
qua/qües
gua/gües (paraigua/paraigües)
tja/tges (platja/platges)
ça/ces
è, é/ens
ò, ó/ons (botó/botons)
ú/uns
à/ans (oceà/oceans)
s/sos (arròs/arrossos)
tx/txos
ix/ixos
tg/tjos
consonant/consonant+s (mar/mars)

Adjective Feminization

e/a (pobre/pobra)
consonant/consonant+a (ràpid/ràpida)
accented vowel/vowel+na (marró/marrona)
monosyllabic vowel/vowel+na (bo/bona)
aire/aire (cantaire/cantaire)
ble/ble (amable/amable)
me/me (infame/infame)
ne/ne (perenne/perenne)
ista/ista (socialista/socialista)
u/va (esclau/esclava)

-adjectives come before nouns

hello: helo, hylo
how are things? Sut mae? (shwmai in SW, s'mai in NW)
how are you? Sut rydych chi? (Shwt 'ych chi in SW, Sut 'dach chi in NW)
good morning: bore da
good afternoon: p'nawn da
good evening: noswaith dda
goodnight: nos da
goodbye: hwyl (fawr), da boch chi
alright, ok: iawn
very well: da iawn
quite well: eitha(f) da
fine: gweddol
thanks (very much) diolch (yn fawr [iawn])
and you? a chi?
isn't it? on'd ydy?

-adjectives follow nouns
-to say how are the children or Elena etc write Sut mae'r (plural) or Sut mae (singular).
-there is no word for it in welsh, to talk about the weather use the word for she - hi however hi is often left out
-after a vowel yn (links verb to subject) is shortened to 'n


How's Elena? Sue mae Elena?
How are things with the children? Sut mae'r plant?

More on Word Pairs

When word pairs are plural the first word is required to be in the plural but not the second word. The first word may have a shortened pronunciation. Also plural nouns ending in im/ים change to ey/י and adjectives will agree with the first word.

book - books - children's book - children' books
ספר – ספרים – ספר ילדים ספרי ילדים
sefer - sfarim - sefer yeladim - sifrey yeladim


More Group 1 Verbs

This final group consists of roots ending in kh/ח or ah/ע

Example: to forget - li'shko-akh - שכוח
root: ש–כ–ח

shokhe-akh - שוכח
shokhakhat - שוכחת
shokhekhim - שוכחים
shokhekhot - שוכחות

Impersonal Ones

To be impersonal use the plural form

What do you find in that store?
מה מוצאים בחנות ההיא
Mah mots-im ba'khanut ha'hi?